CIRUGÍA LAPAROSCÓPICA DE EMERGENCIA EN ABDOMEN AGUDO: REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE DESENLACES CLÍNICOS FRENTE A CIRUGÍA ABIERTA
Emergency laparoscopic surgery in acute abdomen: a bibliographic review of clinical outcomes versus open surgery
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47187/cssn.Vol17.Iss1.506Palabras clave:
abdomen agudo, cirugía laparoscópica, cirugía abierta, emergencia quirúrgicas, desenlaces clínicos, morbimortalidadResumen
Introducción: El abdomen agudo constituye una emergencia quirúrgica frecuente y potencialmente grave, en la que el abordaje laparoscópico ha ganado protagonismo frente a la cirugía abierta. Su valor en contextos de urgencia/emergencia depende de la patología, la estabilidad clínica del paciente y la experiencia del equipo quirúrgico. Objetivo: Explorar la evidencia publicada entre 2021 y 2026 sobre los desenlaces clínicos comparativos de la cirugía laparoscópica de emergencia frente a la cirugía abierta en pacientes adultos con abdomen agudo. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica de tipo narrativo, realizada en bases de datos biomédicas, con selección de estudios publicados en inglés y español que reportaran desenlaces clínicos cuantificables en adultos. Resultados: La evidencia revisada muestra, en la mayoría de los estudios, menor morbilidad, menor infección del sitio quirúrgico, menor estancia hospitalaria y recuperación más rápida con laparoscopia. No obstante, la conversión a cirugía abierta sigue siendo necesaria en escenarios complejos o con limitaciones técnicas. Conclusión: La cirugía laparoscópica de emergencia ofrece beneficios clínicos consistentes en múltiples escenarios de abdomen agudo, aunque su aplicación debe individualizarse según el contexto clínico y la experiencia del equipo tratante.
Abstract
Introduction: Acute abdomen is a common and potentially serious surgical emergency, in which the laparoscopic approach has become more popular than open surgery. Its value in emergencies depends on the condition, the patient’s clinical stability and the surgical team’s experience. Objective: To explore the evidence published between January 2021 and March 2026 on the comparative clinical outcomes of emergency laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery in adult patients with acute abdomen. Methodology: A narrative literature review, conducted in biomedical databases, involving the analysis of studies published in English and Spanish that reported quantifiable clinical outcomes in adults. Results: The evidence reviewed shows that, in most studies, laparoscopy is associated with lower morbidity, fewer cases of surgical site infection, shorter hospital stays and faster recovery. However, conversion to open surgery remains necessary in complex cases or where there are technical limitations. Conclusion: Emergency laparoscopic surgery offers consistent clinical benefits across multiple acute abdomen scenarios, although its application should be individualized according to the clinical context and the experience of the treating team.
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