Epiglottitis in pediatric ages: current understanding and management strategies

Abstract

Introduction: Epiglottitis is an acute inflammation of the epiglottis that raises the risk of airway obstruction, potentially becoming a medical emergency. Infection with Haemophilus influenzae type B is the primary cause, although its incidence and mortality have decreased due to vaccination. Objective: To tackle addressing acute epiglottitis in pediatric patients, analyzing its clinical, laboratory, and imaging diagnosis in detail, along with a focus on differential diagnosis. Additionally, treatment and prevention strategies will be explored for a comprehensive and up-to-date understanding. Method: A narrative literature review was conducted, encompassing articles, books, and theses published in the last six years, carried out topics of interest. Documents in languages other than English and Spanish were excluded. Results: From 65 documents located, 30 met the selection criteria. Discussion: The epiglottitis diagnosis relies mainly on clinical evaluation, presenting variable manifestations depending on etiology, such as high fever, poor general condition, minimal barking cough, and inspiratory stridor. Accurate diagnosis needs direct visualization of the epiglottis, which should exhibit features such as increased size, inflammation, rigidity, and cherry-red coloration. The treatment can vary according to the underlying cause, with vaccination being the primary preventive measure. Conclusions: Understanding signs, and symptoms, proper usage of complementary tests, and prevention are capital elements for the timely treatment of epiglottitis in pediatrics.