Clinical behavior of hemangioma in newborns and infants

Abstract

Introduction: Infantile hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors that develop by abnormal endothelial proliferation. Although most of them are self-limiting, their clinical behavior varies according to location, size and depth, which requires individualized medical attention. Objective: To identify and synthesize the most relevant clinical aspects of infantile hemangioma to improve timely diagnosis and therapeutic approach. Methodology: A non-systematic, narrative literature review was conducted. Studies published between 2020 and 2025, in English and Spanish, were included from databases such as Scielo, PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar, among others. Defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and a summary table of the key findings was compiled. Results: Multiple clinical manifestations of infantile hemangioma were identified, classified by location, distribution and depth. Most appear during the first weeks of life. The phases of growth and regression, frequent complications (ulceration, bleeding, deformity) and diagnostic methods used (Doppler ultrasound, MRI, biopsy) are detailed. Therapeutic options are described, highlighting oral propranolol as first line treatment in complicated cases. Discussion: Infantile hemangioma, although commonly benign, can compromise vital functions and esthetics if not properly diagnosed and managed. It is essential to differentiate it from other vascular malformations and to apply timely treatments based on clinical evidence. Conclusion: A thorough clinical understanding of infantile hemangioma allows avoiding complications and improving the patient's quality of life. An individualized evaluation and a multidisciplinary approach is recommended, especially in at-risk lesions.